In this piece, we analyze who owns special permits for Ukrainian strategic subsoil. Below is an overview of special permits for the use of subsoil for beryllium, lanthanide metals, graphite, and gold.

Graphite

According to the US Geological Survey, in 2022, China, Mozambique, and Madagascar were the top producers of graphite. Turkey, Brazil, and China had the largest reserves.

According to the Financial Times, China's share of the graphite market is just over 20%. But its share of the graphite processing market is almost 70%. This puts electric car manufacturers in the United States and Europe in a threatening position.

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